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J. Electromagn. Eng. Sci > Volume 23(2); 2023 > Article
Park, Park, and Lee: Millimeter-Wave Monopulse Filtenna Array with Directive Dielectric Resonators

Abstract

This paper presents a new millimeter-wave monopulse dielectric resonator (DR) filtering antenna (filtenna) array based on substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. The monopulse comparator realized by a square dual-mode (TE102 and TE201) SIW feed cavity uses diagonal irises, of which couplings between the feed and next-stage cavities lead to almost identical filter responses for the sum and difference channels with compact size and a planar single-substrate structure. Both dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) adopting HEM133 mode for enhanced directivity are implemented with two filters based on SIW. The DR acts as the last resonator and the radiator in the filtenna. The prototype is designed at the Ka-band with a center frequency of 27.65 GHz and an operation bandwidth of 700 MHz. The measurement shows a 15-dB fractional bandwidth of 2.36%, a gain of 10.84 dBi for the sum channel, and a null depth of −15.6 dB for the difference channel.

I. Introduction

Monopulse antenna arrays are generally applied to target-tracking in radar systems for the accurate angle estimation. Conventional monopulse antennas that use horns, lenses, and Cassegrain parabolic antennas are bulky and heavy. For these reasons, microstrip structures with low profiles and light weights are widely used. However, the microstrip monopulse antenna has disadvantages in terms of larger radiation loss and spurious radiation in the millimeter-wave band [1, 2]. Recently, substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technology has been applied to monopulse antennas due to its low loss, low cost, and ease of integration [3, 4]. Various SIW technology-based monopulse antennas have been reported: SIW monopulse antenna arrays with microstrip feed [3], SIW monopulse slot antenna arrays with magic-T junction [4], monopulse antenna arrays based on a dual-mode SIW cavity [5, 6], SIW-slot array monopulse antenna in a planar single-substrate structure [5], and SIW-filtering monopulse slot antenna array using diagonal internal coupling slots in a double-substrate structure [6].
In addition, the filtering antenna (filtenna) provides the rejection of unwanted interferences, enhancing the system linearity.
This paper proposes a millimeter-wave monopulse filtenna array using DRs with higher-order mode excitation and SIW technology with a planar single-substrate structure. The design procedure of the proposed monopulse filtenna array is as follows: First, the DR antenna with HEM133 mode and a SIW feeding structure with a circular aperture was designed. Second, the 4th-order Chebyshev SIW filter was realized. Third, a single SIW-DR filtenna was produced by combining the DR antenna and the SIW filter. Fourth, a monopulse comparator was designed using the dual-mode SIW cavity and diagonal irises. Finally, the monopulse filtenna array was implemented with both SIW–DR filtennas and the monopulse comparator.

II. Monopulse Filtenna Array Design

A designed dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) using a cylindrical DR with the electrical properties of ɛr = 9 and tanδ = 0.0005 is fed by a circular aperture on the top layer of a SIW, which was implemented by the substrate with ɛr = 2.2, tanδ = 0.0009, and T = 0.508 mm. The DRA using higher-order mode excitation, such as HEM133 for millimeter-wave band is advantageous due to its low conduction loss [7] and enhanced directivity [8]. It has the disadvantage of a relatively narrow impedance bandwidth (BW) [9].
The initial dimensions of the DR with HEM133 mode were estimated by the magnetic wall method using commercially available software such as a CST Eigenmode Solver with a simple SIW feeding network including the aperture [9]. The aperture is employed to have a lower back lobe level than the microstrip line for antenna feed structures [8], satisfying internal coupling and external quality factor for the requirement of the designed filtenna. Fig. 1 illustrates the simulated H-field distributions of the desired HEM133 mode of the DR. The initial diameter of the coupling aperture and its distance from the shorted end of the SIW are based on [8]. The dimensions of the resonator and aperture were optimized for maximum directivity at the center frequency of 27.65 GHz. The SIW is fed by a grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) line adjoined to the SIW. The GCPW line, including two linearly tapered slots, was optimized for improving the return loss performance of the DRA. The width of the SIW feeding network acting as TE101 and TE102 cavities was determined for the required speculation of the filtenna. Fig. 2 depicts the simulated radiation patterns of the designed single DRA for the E- and H-planes. The DRA provides a return loss of greater than 20 dB and gains of 10.1 dBi for the E- and H-planes at the center frequency of 27.65 GHz, respectively.

1. Design of 4th-order Chebyshev SIW Filter

To design the SIW filter, the lowpass filter prototype coefficients (gi) should be calculated first. From those parameters, the external quality factor (Qe) and coupling coefficients (kij) for the filter can be determined as
(1)
Qe=g0g1FBW,k12=FBWg1g2,k23=FBWg2g3,k34=FBWg3g4,
where FBW is the fractional bandwidth.
The design parameters of the SIW filter for a 4th-order Chebyshev response with a center frequency of 27.65 GHz, a BW of 700 MHz, and a return loss of better than 15 dB can be obtained as Qe = 47.35, k12 = 0.0203, k23 = 0.0163, k34 = 0.0203. Then, the generalized coupling matrix of the filter is given by:
M=(·S1234LS00.9146000010.914600.8021000200.802100.6426003000.642600.8021040000.802100.9146L00000.91460).
The fundamental size of the TEm0p mode for a rectangular SIW cavity can be obtained by the following formula [10]:
(2)
fm0p=c02πμrɛr(mπweff)2+(pπleff)2,
where
(3)
weff=w-d20.95p,leff=l-d20.95p.
Here, w and l are the width and length of the cavity, respectively; d and p are the diameter of metallized via holes and the center-to-center distance between adjacent via holes, respectively; c0 is the phase velocity in free space; and ɛr is the relative dielectric constant of the substrate.
Fig. 3 illustrates the simulated frequency response of the phase of S1 and extracted external quality factor in the TE101 SIW cavity. Fig. 4 depicts the simulated frequency response of the transmission coefficient and extracted internal coupling coefficient against the inductive iris width between both TE101 SIW cavities. The coupling coefficients can be obtained using the following relation [11]:
(4)
k=f22-f12f22+f12,
where f2 and f1 are the high and low resonant frequencies, respectively, and k is the coupling coefficient between adjacent SIW rectangular cavities.
The external quality factor for the GCPW-to-SIW transition can be determined by the equation [11]:
(5)
Qext=f0Δf-90°to+90°,
where f0 and Δf−90° to +90° are the center frequency and BW of S1, respectively, and the BW is defined by the phase of S1 changing from −90° to +90°.
The obtained design parameters were used for the initial design of the 4th-order Chebyshev SIW filter and optimized for the desired specification. Fig. 5 shows the simulated frequency responses of the return and insertion losses of the filter. The designed filter has a center frequency of 27.65 GHz, a BW of 700 MHz, a return loss of better than 15 dB, and a minimum passband insertion loss of 1.88 dB.

2. Design of 4th-order Chebyshev SIW Single Filtenna with DR

The filtenna multifunctionally provides both filtering and radiating in a single unit, reducing the size and cost [12, 13]. The filter specification of the single SIW filtenna is identical to that of the 4th-order Chebyshev SIW filter. The design parameters and generalized coupling matrix of the single SIW filtenna were obtained using the same procedure as the SIW filter. As depicted in Fig. 4, the internal coupling coefficient between the first and second SIW cavities can be extracted. The circular aperture is employed to satisfy the requirement of the internal coupling between the third and fourth resonators and the external quality factor of the radiator for the desired BW and return loss of the filtenna. A relatively large circular aperture away from the shorted end of the SIW compared to λg/4 length is employed for the required internal coupling and external quality factor of the filtenna. Therefore, the TE102 cavity is introduced as the third SIW cavity in addition to the second SIW cavity operating at TE101 mode. The DR acts as the fourth resonator and the radiator in the filtenna [14]. Fig. 6 displays the simulated frequency response of the transmission coefficient and the extracted internal coupling coefficient between the TE101 and TE102 SIW cavities with straight inductive iris. Fig. 7 shows the simulated frequency response of the transmission coefficient and extracted internal coupling coefficient between the TE102 SIW cavity and DR with circular aperture. The coupling coefficients can be obtained by the Eq. (4).
Fig. 8 depicts the simulated frequency response of the input impedance, Zin of the TE102 mode cavity with the circular aperture and DR and extracted external quality factor against the diameter of the circular aperture. The external quality factor can be calculated by the following formula [15]:
(6)
Qext=f02Re(Zin(f0))d(Im(Zin))df|f=f0,
where fo is the resonant frequency.
The length of the TE102 mode cavity and diameter of the circular aperture were modified, and the external quality factor was extracted for each cavity with a resonant frequency of 27.65 GHz.
The extracted design parameters were applied to the initial design of the 4th-order Chebyshev SIW-DR filtenna and optimized for the desired specification. Fig. 9 depicts the simulated reflection coefficient and antenna gain. Fig. 10 illustrates the radiation patterns for the E- and H-planes. The designed DR filtenna at the center frequency of 27.65 GHz offers a BW of 700 MHz, return loss of greater than 15 dB, and gain of 9.7 dBi.

3. Design of the Monopulse Filtenna Array

The proposed monopulse filtenna array includes a monopulse comparator, SIW cavities with circular apertures, and both DRs. The monopulse comparator realized by a square dual mode for the sum and difference ports operates at TE102 and TE201 modes, respectively, and the second and third work at TE101 and TE102 modes, respectively. The designed filtenna has 4th-order Chebyshev response, including the first-stage resonator of the monopulse comparator and the other resonators of the other two cavities and the DR. Fig. 11 shows the electric field (E-field) distributions on the top surface of the DR filtenna for the sum and difference channels at the frequency of 27.65 GHz. As can be seen, the SIW dual-mode cavity operates in both degenerated modes of TE102 and TE201 with the orthogonal property at the frequency of 27.65 GHz, and thus the feed cavity shows acceptable isolation characteristics. The internal couplings between the feed and second cavities for both sum and difference channels affect the filter responses of the BWs and return losses for both channels. In this paper, a diagonal iris geometry between the monopulse comparator with TE102 and TE201 modes and next-stage cavities with TE101 modes has been proposed. The diagonal iris configuration leads to almost identical internal couplings for both sum and difference channels, and thus the filtering responses of the BWs and return losses for both channels are almost identical to each other, while maintaining a planar single-substrate structure with a compact size.
Fig. 12 illustrates the simulated frequency response of the phase of S1 and extracted external quality factor calculated from the Eq. (5). With respect to the width of the inductive iris window s1(=s2), the external coupling coefficients calculated from the Eq. (4) are shown in Fig. 13. The extracted design parameters were applied to the initial design of the 4th-order Chebyshev SIW-DR filtenna array and optimized for the desired specification.

III. Simulation and Measurement

Fig. 14 shows the configuration of the designed monopulse filtenna array, of which the dimensions are listed in Table 1. Fig. 15 depicts the photograph of the fabricated monopulse DR filtenna array. In the simulation and measurement, the return losses, isolation, and gains of the proposed monopulse DR filtenna array are illustrated in Figs. 16 and 17. The designed DR filtenna provides 15-dB fractional bandwidths of 2.36% and 2.7%, a passband isolation of greater than 17.7 dB, gains of 10.84 and 8.50 dBi for the sum and difference channels, respectively, and a difference beam null depth of −15.6 dB at a frequency of 27.65 GHz. The performance summary of the published SIW-based monopulse antenna arrays are tabulated in Table 2 [4, 5, 6, 16, 17, 18].
In the simulation and measurement, the radiation patterns of the proposed DR filtenna at 27.65 GHz are depicted in Fig. 18.
The measured filtering responses and antenna gains for the sum and difference channels agree well with the simulated responses in terms of tendency. The measured antenna gains for the sum and difference channels were smaller than the simulated antenna gains by 0.86 and 0.92 dB, respectively. The total efficiencies of the DR filtenna array for the sum and difference channels were calculated using the simulated directivities and measured gains and achieved as 62% and 64% for both channels, respectively, at a frequency of 27.65 GHz. The discrepancies in filtering responses, antenna gains, and total efficiencies between simulation and measurement are primarily caused by the insertion loss of the fabricated filter and manufacture tolerance of the PCB fabrication process. The null depth for the different beam patterns was adversely affected by the body of the K connector located close to one of both DRs (Fig. 15).

IV. Conclusion

This paper proposes a new SIW-DR monopulse filtenna array in the Ka-band. The size of the entire circuit is reduced by virtue of filtenna structure. The filtenna has a 4th-order Chebyshev filter response, and the DRA adopting higher-order mode excitation with HEM13 results in enhanced directivity. The diagonal internal coupling irises between the feed dual-mode and next-stage SIW cavities contribute to maintaining a planar single-substrate with compact size. The proposed SIW-DR monopulse filtenna array are expected to be applied to practical millimeter-wave designs by virtue of its high directivity, low loss, low cost, compact size, and fabrication with a planar single-substrate structure.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Technology Development Program (No. S2863299) funded by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS, Korea).

Fig. 1
H-field distributions corresponding to HEM133 mode for (a) xz-plane, (b) E-plane, and (c) H-plane cross-sections of the DR.
jees-2023-2-r-147f1.jpg
Fig. 2
Simulated radiation patterns of a single dielectric resonator antenna for E- and H-planes.
jees-2023-2-r-147f2.jpg
Fig. 3
(a) Simulated frequency response of the phase of S11 and (b) extracted external quality factor against GCPW slot length in the TE101 SIW cavity.
jees-2023-2-r-147f3.jpg
Fig. 4
(a) Simulated frequency response of the transmission coefficient and (b) extracted internal coupling coefficient against the inductive iris width between both TE101 SIW cavities.
jees-2023-2-r-147f4.jpg
Fig. 5
Simulated frequency responses of the return and insertion losses of the designed 4th-order Chebyshev SIW filter.
jees-2023-2-r-147f5.jpg
Fig. 6
(a) Simulated frequency response of the transmission coefficient and (b) extracted coupling coefficient against the inductive iris width between the TE101 and TE102 SIW cavities.
jees-2023-2-r-147f6.jpg
Fig. 7
(a) Simulated frequency response of the transmission coefficient and (b) extracted coupling coefficient against the diameter of circular aperture between the TE102 SIW cavity and DR.
jees-2023-2-r-147f7.jpg
Fig. 8
(a) Simulated frequency response of Zin and (b) extracted external quality factor against diameter of circular aperture.
jees-2023-2-r-147f8.jpg
Fig. 9
Simulated reflection coefficient and gain of the designed single-SIW dielectric resonator filtering antenna.
jees-2023-2-r-147f9.jpg
Fig. 10
Simulated radiation patterns of the designed single-SIW filtering antenna for the E- and H-planes.
jees-2023-2-r-147f10.jpg
Fig. 11
E-field magnitude distributions on the top surface of the filtering antenna at 27.65 GHz for (a) sum and (b) difference channels.
jees-2023-2-r-147f11.jpg
Fig. 12
(a) Simulated frequency response of the phase of S11 and (b) extracted external quality factor against the GCPW slot length for SIW dual-mode cavity.
jees-2023-2-r-147f12.jpg
Fig. 13
(a) Simulated frequency response of the transmission coefficient and (b) extracted internal coupling coefficient against the inductive iris width for the diagonal coupling structure.
jees-2023-2-r-147f13.jpg
Fig. 14
Configuration of the proposed dielectric resonator filtering antenna array.
jees-2023-2-r-147f14.jpg
Fig. 15
Top view of the fabricated dielectric resonator filtering antenna array.
jees-2023-2-r-147f15.jpg
Fig. 16
Magnitudes of S11 and gains of proposed dielectric resonator filtering antenna array for (a) sum and (b) difference channels in simulation and measurement.
jees-2023-2-r-147f16.jpg
Fig. 17
Simulated and measured isolations of the proposed dielectric resonator filtering antenna array.
jees-2023-2-r-147f17.jpg
Fig. 18
(a) Simulated and (b) measured radiation patterns of the proposed dielectric resonator filtering antenna array at 27.65 GHz.
jees-2023-2-r-147f18.jpg
Table 1
Dimensions of the proposed dielectric resonator filtering antenna array
Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm)
d 0.4 l1 5.22
D 0.6 l2 5.04
we 0.3 l3 4.81
we1 0.4 s1 2.26
we2 1.3 s2 2.07
le 3 dslot 0.72
le1 0.88 wSD 8.23
le2 0.79 lSD 8.20
p1 1.89 p2 2.05
DDR 4.05 wsiw 5.71
HDR 3.82 hsub 0.508
lsub 47.62 - -
Table 2
Performance summary of the published SIW-based monopulse antenna arrays
Study Antenna type Center freq. (GHz) FBW (%) @return loss Polarization states Gain (dBi) Null depth (dB) Comparator type Substrate
Zhu et al. [4] 4 × 4 SIW slot 60 13.11@10-dB 4 15 −25 SIW magic-tee Double
Cao et al. [5] 4 × 4 SIW slot 5.83 - 2 12.9 −40 SIW cavities Single
Chu et al. [6] 4 × 1 SIW slot 29.25 1.2@10-dB 2 8.1 −30 SIW dual mode cavity Double
Liu and Feng [16] 8 × 10 SIW slot 5.7 5.2@10-dB 2 22.5 −37 SIW magic-tee Double
Cheng et al. [17] 32 × 32 SIW slot 94 3.2@10-dB 3 25.8 −43.7 SIW coupler and phase delay Single
Hao et al. [18] 4 SIW dual-mode cavity 5.88 4.1@10-dB 4 12.29 −35 SIW dual mode cavity Single
This work 2 × 1 SIW-DR 27.65 2.36@15-dB 2 10.84 −15.6 SIW dual mode cavity Single

FBW = fractional bandwidth, SIW = substrate integrated waveguide, DR = dielectric resonator.

References

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5. F. Cao, D. Yang, J. Pan, D. Geng, and H. Xiao, "A compact single-layer substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) monopulse slot antenna array," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 16, pp. 2755–2758, 2017.
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6. H. Chu, J.X. Chen, S. Luo, and Y.X. Guo, "A millimeter-wave filtering monopulse antenna array based on substrate integrated waveguide technology," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 316–321, 2016.
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7. Q. Lai, G. Almpanis, C. Fumeaux, H. Benedickter, and R. Vahldieck, "Comparison of the radiation efficiency for the dielectric resonator antenna and the microstrip antenna at Ka band," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 3589–3592, 2008.
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8. M. Mrnka, M. Cupal, Z. Raida, A. Pietrikova, and D. Kocur, "Millimeter-wave directive dielectric resonator antenna based on LTCC," In: Proceedings of 2016 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC); Loughborough, UK. 2016, pp 1–4.
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Biography

jees-2023-2-r-147i1.jpg
Seung-Jun Park received his B.S. degree in electrical and computer engineering (summa cum laude) from the University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea, in 2021. He is currently working toward his Ph.D. degree at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Seoul. His research interests include RF/microwave circuits and systems, filters, duplexers, and filtering antennas (filtennas). He was a recipient of the 14th Global Symposium on Millimeter-Waves & Terahertz’s Best Paper Award in 2022.

Biography

jees-2023-2-r-147i2.jpg
Jeong-Hun Park received his B.S. (valedictorian), M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea, in 2007, 2020, and 2022, respectively. Since 2022, he has been a research professor at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Seoul, Seoul. His research interests include RF/microwave circuits and systems, radar systems, and retro-directive systems in satellite applications. He was a recipient of the 14th Global Symposium on Millimeter-Waves & Terahertz’s Best Paper Award in 2022.

Biography

jees-2023-2-r-147i3.jpg
Moon-Que Lee received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea, in 1992, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, in 1994 and 1999, respectively. From 1999 to 2002, he worked as a research engineer at the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute. Since 2002, he has been a professor at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Seoul, Seoul. Since 2015, he has worked as a creative planner for radio and satellite at the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Korea Government. His research interests include microwave/millimeter wave circuits, monolithic microwave integrated circuits, hybrid circuits, wireless communication, and radar systems.
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